About Birch and Wintergreen Essential Oils

The following is an abbreviated version of a message posted in a professional aromatherapy mailing list. People often have questions about the toxicity of Wintergreen and Sweet Birch essential oils. The facts in the following are accurate, as concerns over skin application of either of these two oils have been proven time and again. Please read this if you are considering using Wintergreen or Birch Oil as a fragrance or in a massage blend. We do not offer Wintergreen or Sweet Birch essential oils at Nature’s Gift.

Ingestion can cause severe poisoning and death, lethal doses with children at 10 ml, adults at 30 ml. (Guenther, Volume II, page 640, written around 1949)

It’s interesting that Guenther doesn’t give the *dermal* toxicity for methyl salicylate. And (just as a public service) I would like to emphasize that on the way to being lethal, methyl salicylate can make a person quite unpleasantly ill. I know I keep harping on this, and I’d apologize except that… I’m not sorry! A person close to me who has bad arthritic pain was poisoned (not fatally!) by her doctors’ prescribing so many methyl-salicylate-laden medications. I had a good chance to see this toxicity for myself, and it was not funny. Since she was asking me for EO blends for the pain at the same time as she was using all these other medications, I am certainly *very* glad that the risks of Sweet Birch and Wintergreen had been pounded into my head. The blends I came up with for her that didn’t include these risky oils may *not* have been as immediately effective in reducing the joint pain, but they help some, and now are the only ones she can use until her body gets rid of the accumulated toxins.

My friend and I were very lucky in a number of ways — among other things, a doctor figured out what was making her so ill, and told her exactly which medications contained methyl salicylate. I’ve been asked for arthritis-type blends by a number of other people, and always ask whether they’re using anything that contains methyl salicylate. So very very often they don’t know — the print with the ingredients is too small to read — they think over-the-counter salves “don’t count” — they get giddy and fib — or they’re sure that normal essential oil safety guidelines somehow don’t apply to them. None of this is Ideal Client Behavior, of course, but I don’t think they deserve to be poisoned for it! If I have any doubts whatsoever — and most often I do — I leave these oils out of the blends I make, even though I know they could offer quicker pain relief if I used them.

I know these oils can be very useful in the right situations, in suitably low doses, with duly cautious frequency of application. I just feel a compelling need to make sure everyone is aware of the risks.

Stay safe!
Sherill
© 1998, by S Pociecha
Dyndelf Aromatics

Suggested Remedies for Various Physical Conditions and Complaints

Allergies: Blue Tansy (Tanecetum annuum), Ammi Visnaga, German and Roman Chamomile, Helichrysum, Lavender, Yarrow

Asthma:

Prevention: Blue Tansy (Tanecetum annuum), Ammi Visnaga.

Treatment: Frankincense CO2, Hyssop, Inula, Litsea, Ravensara, Black Spruce, Blue Tansy (Tanecetum annuum), Cedarwood, Cajeput, Clary Sage, Roman Chamomile, Cypress, Fennel, Eucalyptus Radiata, Hyssop decumbens, Lavender, Spike Lavender, Pine, Lemon, Mandarine, Myrtle, Peppermint, Petitgrain, Rosemary.

Click here to read more about asthma.

Arthritis: Lavandin, Helichrysum, Black Pepper, Ginger, Marjoram, Lavender, Lemon, Nutmeg, Rosemary, Cajeput, Cinnamon, Clove Bud, Eucalyptus, Angelica Seed, Roman Chamomile, Holy Basil, Clove Bud, Cypress Tips, Balsam Fir, Juniper, Nutmeg, Dalmatian Sage, Winter Savory, Seaweed, Thyme Borneol, Wintergreen, St. John’s Wort oil as a carrier oil. Or, try our BackEase Massage Oil.

Athletes Foot and Other Fungal Infections: Myrrh, Patchouli, Lemongrass, Niaouli, Palma Rosa, Tagetes, Tea Tree.

Backaches: Helichrysum, Lavandin, Black Pepper, Cajeput, Chamomile, Eucalyptus, Ginger, Juniper Berry, Spike Lavender, Lemon, Peppermint, Marjoram, Nutmeg, Rosemary, Thyme. Or, try our BackEase Massage Oil.

Boils: Bergamot, Lavender, Lemon, Tea Tree, Thyme, Juniper, Geranium (in hot compresses).

Bronchial Congestion: Hyssop, Inula, Frankincense, Black Spruce, Copaiba Balsam, Balsam Fir, Larch, Pine.

Bruises: Helichrysum, Black Pepper, German Chamomile, Hyssop, Fennel, Spike Lavender, Lemon, Rosemary, St. Johns Wort Infused Oil.

Burns: Lavender, Helichrysum, Carrot Seed, Frankincense, Manuka, Neroli, Tea Tree.

Candida (Yeast Infection): Tea Tree, Cajeput, Holy Basil, Melissa, German Chamomile, Lemon Eucalyptus.

Chronic Fatigue: Sweet Basil, Rosemary, Geranium, Lemon, Pink Grapefruit.

Chronic Pain:

Topical Application: Black Pepper, Clove Bud, Frankincense, Ginger CO2, Juniper, Spike Lavender, Lavender, Lemongrass, Sweet Marjoram, Myrrh, Peppermint, Rose, Rosemary, Ylang-ylang.

Inhalation: Frankincense, Lavender, Lemongrass, Sweet Marjoram, Rosemary, Lemon Verbena.

Cold Sores (Herpes simplex): Melissa, Rose Otto, Myrrh, Bergamot, Eucalyptus Globulus, Sandalwood, Bergamot, Eucalyptus Radiata, Cajeput, Niaouli, Ravensara, Tea Tree.

Congestion (Chest and Bronchial): (For Nasal Suggestion, see Sinus Suggestions.) Eucalyptus Globulus, Sweet Eucalyptus, Frankincense CO2, Inula, Sweet Basil, Black Pepper, Lemon Myrtle, Peppermint, Pine, Black Spruce.

Constipation: Sweet Fennel, Yarrow, Black Pepper, Sweet Marjoram, Rosemary, Carrot Seed, Peppermint, Pine, Sweet Orange.

Coughs: Hyssop, Cardamon Seed, Balsam Fir, Inula (for dry, unproductive cough), Pine, Greek Sage, Oregano.

Cramps, Muscle Spasms: Sweet Marjoram, Black Pepper, Roman Chamomile, Clary Sage, Cypress, Geranium, Lavender, Marjoram, Thyme.

Cuts and Scrapes: Lavender, Chamomiles, Tea Tree for disinfecting, Helichrysum.

Cystitis: Bergamot, Atlas Cedarwood, Juniper, Cypress.

Dandruff: Recent research published inAromatherapy Today, the International Aromatherapy Journal, indicates that Tea Tree oil, added to shampoo in a 5% dilution, is at least as effective as 2% ketoconazole and 1% terbinafine in the treatment of dandruff. In the test, the subjects used a 5% dilution in a daily shampoo, and left the shampoo in their hair for three minutes before rinsing.

Diarrhea: Black Pepper, German and Roman Chamomile, Cinnamon Leaf, Cypress, Eucalyptus, Sweet Fennel, Ginger, Mandarine, Neroli, Peppermint, Cajeput, Cistus, Angelica Root, Ravensara, Rosemary, Seaweed, Carrot Seed, Sweet Fennel, Grapefruit, Juniper, Lemon, Mandarine, Tangerine.

Fatigue: Basil, Elemi, Ginger, Lavender, Lemon, Orange, Peppermint, Rosemary.

Fever: Sponge the body with cool water with 1 drop each Eucalyptus, Lavender, and Peppermint oils added.

Gas: Ginger, Peppermint, Anise Seed, Fennel, Litsea, Oregano, Black Pepper, Cardamon, Roman and German Chamomile.

Gout: St. Johns Wort Oil with Wintergreen (note this is the ONLY time I ever recommend using wintergreen or birch oils), Juniper Berry, Lemon, Rosemary.

Headaches: Lavender, Sweet Basil, Roman Chamomile, Clove Bud, Lavandin, Cajeput, Clary Sage, Eucalyptus, Marjoram, Peppermint, Rosewood, Rosemary, Thyme.

Hot Flashes: Vitex, Peppermint Hydrosol, or try our Passages Synergy.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Bergamot, Roman Chamomile, Lavender, Litsea, Melissa, Sweet Marjoram, Neroli, Ylang-ylang.

Hypotension (Low Blood Pressure): Ginger, Lemon, Rosemary.

Indigestion: Cardamon, Black Pepper, Ginger, Peppermint, Anise Seed, Coriander, Fennel, Lemongrass, Litsea, Melissa, Nutmeg, Cinnamon Leaf, Sweet Fennel.

Inflammation: Helichrysum, Roman or German Chamomile, Coriander, Juniper, Fennel, Nutmeg, Yarrow.

Insect Bites: Cajeput (fire ants), Helichrysum, German Chamomile, Lavender.

Insomnia: Red Mandarine (a recent study indicates that Mandarine is even more effective than Lavender in dealing with sleep disturbances), Bulgarian Lavender, Roman Chamomile, Clementine, Petitgrain, Bergamot, Ledum, Myrtle, Petitgrain, Sandalwood, Spikenard, Valerian, or our SleepEase Synergy.

Lymphodema: Cistus,Helichrysum, Lavender.

Menopause: Clary Sage, Geranium, Rose, Vitex, Bergamot, Chamomile, Cypress, Fennel, Jasmine, Neroli, Ylang-ylang, or our Passages Synergy.

Menstrual Cramps: Clary Sage, Sweet Marjoram, Geranium, Sweet Fennel, Anise Seed, Sweet Basil, Roman Chamomile, Clary Sage, Cypress Needle, Yarrow, or our Moondays Synergy.

Migraines: Lavender, Peppermint, Roman Chamomile, Clary Sage, Marjoram, Valerian, Eucalyptus, Spike Lavender, Neroli.

Muscle Aches: Lavandin, Rosemary, Black Pepper, Ginger, Black Spruce, Sweet Basil, Spike Lavender, Vetiver, Eucalyptus, or our MuscleEase Massage Oil.

Muscle Spasms: Roman Chamomile, Petitgrain, Clary Sage, Fennel, Frankincense, Lavender, Sage. One client reports relief by spritzing St.John’s Wort Hydrosol.

Nausea: Ginger, Peppermint, Spearmint, Cardamon Seed, Sweet Fennel, Patchouli.

Peridontal Problems: Myrrh, Sweet Fennel, Manuka, Peppermint, Tea Tree.

PMS: Geranium, Clary Sage, Rose, Sweet Fennel, Bergamot, Chamomile, Juniper Berry, Lavender, Neroli, Rosemary, Sweet Fennel, Palma Rosa, Rose Otto, Vitex, Ylang-ylang Extra, or our Moondays Synergy or La Rosa Synergy.

Pressure Sores (Bed Sores): German Chamomile, Helichrysum, Geranium, Frankincense, Lavender, Calendula Infused Oil.

Rheumatism: St. John’s Wort Oil, Black Pepper, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Lavandin, or our BackEase Synergy.

Scabies: Tea Tree (5% dilution).

Sciatica: St. John’s Wort Oil, Black Pepper, Ginger, Helichrysum, Lavender, Lavandin, or our BackEase Synergy.

Sinuses: All Eucalyptus species, especially Radiata, Peppermint, Angelica Root, Sweet Basil, Clove Bud, Hyssop, Inula, Lemon, Lemon Myrtle, Pine, or try our SineEase Synergy and Inhaler.

Shingles: Ravensara in a base of Calophyllum, Bergamot, Eucalyptus Globulus, Melissa with Rose Otto, Lavender, Tea Tree.

Sore Throat: Hyssop, Sandalwood.

Sunburn: Chamomile with Lavender, Blue Tansy (Tanecetum annuum), German Chamomile, Peppermint, Peppermint Hydrosol.

Varicose Veins: Calendula Infused Oil, Cypress, Lemon, Geranium, Juniper, Rosemary.

Chypre

Chypre (french for Cypress) perfumes are one of the the classic fragrance families.

The authorities vary on giving guides to pronouciation. “Sheeprah” is close, but not exact. (I want to say “CHEYE-pruh”…definitely not correct!)

Chypres originated in the Roman Empire as a blend of mossy and animalic raw materials and botanicals. Remnants of Chypre type aromatics have been found in archeological finds. The Romans once produced a perfume in Cyprus that contained storax, labdanum, and calamus. It was dense and almost oriental in feeling and its use continued through the Middle ages, with oakmoss as its base.

On the Island of Cypress, scents were made in the 12th century, using labdanum resin and other local aromatics from flowers and herbs.

Perfumery guides from the 18th century give formulas for Chypre blends containing Oakmoss, Civet, Ambergris, and Musk, as well as various resins and plants, including Rose and Orange Blossom. In the 18th Century Chypre accords were described as mossy-leather blends.

François Coty reintroduced the name chypre in the twentieth century (1917), we are told in attempt to reproduce the aromas found in the Island of Cypress.

Classic chypre formulas are based on four single notes: Bergamot (other citrus oils may be substituted, but Bergamot is the classic), Labdanum, Oakmoss, and (usually!) Patchouli. These form the basic structure…with infinite possibilities and variations.

Modern chypres generally consist of Oakmoss, Patchouli, Labdanum, Angelica, or Clary Sage, with the addition of floral middle notes such as rose-jasmin and a bright, fresh, lightly sweet top note of Bergamot or even Lemon.

The term is usually reserved for blends featuring bergamot in the top notes and oakmoss and amber notes, often with patchouli as well—in the base. This of course leaves the middle wide open…giving room for various categories of chypres:

Floral Chypres: Rose, Jasmine, Neroli or Orange Blossom, Lavender, Champa, Ylangylang, etc.
Animalic Chypres: Angelica Root, Black Currant, Calamus,Valerian
Fresh Chypres: More Citrus — Any citrus oil, Litsea cubeba, Petitgrain, Melissa, Yuzu Absolute, Lemon Verbena oil or absolute
Green/Herbal Chypres: (Carven’s Ma Griffe was the first commercial “green chypre” and a beloved memory of my teen years.) Geranium, Basil, Tarragon, Helichrysum, Chamomiles, Bay Laurel, Davana, Hyssop, Sage or Clary Sage
Leather Chypres: Choya Loban, Tobacco Absolute, Cade, Birch tar, Tea Absolute, Angelica
Coniferous Chypres: Cedar Leaf, Pine Needle, Fir Balsam Absolute and Oil, Silver Fir, Scotch Pine, Cypress Absolute and Oil — any conifer, either absolute or oil, or, most interesting, the pair.
Woody Chypres: Himalayan or Atlas Cedarwood, Sandalwood, Coriander, Agarwood Oil or CO2, Vetiver, Rosewood, Araucaria, Guaicwood, Carrot Seed

For more information please refer to Victoria’s Bois de Jasmin Blog or the Perfume Shrine Blog.

The Hazards of Raindrop Therapy

The following white paper is presented by the National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy, detailing why responsible members of the Aromatherapy Community are aware of the risks and dangers inherent in the practice of so called “Raindrop Therapy.”

Raindrop Therapy White Paper

The use of essential oils is an ancient practice dating back to Egypt. Like many other practices with roots in the past, it has been highly commercialized to the public. It should rightly hold a respected position in alternative, complementary health practices. In some parts of the world, such as France, it may be practiced with care and skill. However, the general public in the USA, is still in an initiate stage of understanding the use and benefits of the oils. As such, this white paper is intended to educate the consumer of essential oils and practices which they may be exposed to in their explorations. While there is a sense that because it is “natural”, “they are safe”, this paper is intended to give you information about a practice promoted within one company. The practice is called “Raindrop Therapy”, and is promoted within the Young Living Company. While this paper does not make comment regarding the company or its product, it does take a critical stand against the use of the oils in “Raindrop Therapy.”

In the USA, The National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy (NAHA) has defined standard curriculum for certification for “Aromatherapy Practitioner”. There are persons performing “Raindrop Therapy” (RDT), who have not received training, observing similar curriculum standards. These public demonstrations and conferences have been presented to the general public as well as audiences of health care professionals including physicians, nurses, midwives, doulas, and massage therapists. The purpose of this paper is to assert a position against the use of a technique called “Raindrop Therapy” as it currently cannot be supported as a recognized aromatherapy “best practice.” This position is intended to educate and inform the public as a part of the role of members of the Aromatherapy Community.

“Raindrop Therapy” technique as developed by Mr. Gary Young is not to be regarded as a best practice because:

It promotes the unsafe use of essential oils, putting people at risk of skin irritation and
There is no published empirical substantiation to support its claims that RDT is a “tool for assisting the body in correcting defects in the curvature of the spine, such as scoliosis.” ^[1]

Foundation of Conclusions

Current research of formal testing regarding the chemical structure, per cutaneous absorption and dermal metabolism of essential oils as well as potential skin reactions, including irritation, sensitization, phototoxicity and essential oil toxicity, determines existing standard safety guidelines.Safety guidelines are based on the assumption that essential oils used in aromatherapy will be used at safe dilution levels for external use.

In addition to standard dilution guidelines, the aromatherapy practitioner must be aware of those individuals who are identified as a greater risk for developing potential skin reactions, including persons with known allergies, history of asthma, eczema, psoriasis, fair-haired, light skinned, and those with a history of multiple allergies and medical complications. ^[2] (Although this procedure does not preclude sensitization, only potential irritation), “in order to avoid potential skin reactions”, those “at-risk” should receive skin “patch-testing” at “double the concentration planned to use, prior to application of each essential oil.” ^[3]

There is no published clinical evidence to support that RDT has any correcting value as a tool to be used to adjust spinal curvatures caused by scoliosis, or align electric and structural elements, even if the essential oils were to be used at correct dilution levels and the individual’s skin was patch-tested prior to application. Therefore, because of the unsafe use of undiluted essential oils as well as unpublished claims, “Raindrop Therapy” technique as developed by Gary Young is not supported as a “best practice.”

The discussion that follows will present a description of 1) Raindrop Therapy technique along with 2) current known safety standard guidelines regarding the dermal application of essential oils used in RDT practice and 3) literature regarding unfounded claims of the rationale for use of RDT.

SUPPORTING LITERATURE RESEARCH

This position is based on the following publications, which describe the technique and claims, from the following sources in print and video, as well as information found on the World Wide Web.

Essential Oils Desk Reference,Second Edition, 2001 Essential Science Publishing, pp. 191–198

The Science and Application of Essential Oils,D. Gary Young, ND, “Aromatologist,” YoungLiving Oils, (Video), 1994

Excerpts fromAromatherapy, The Essential Beginningby Gary Young, no longer in print, pp 1–7

Description of Raindrop Therapy (Excerpts)

Step 2
“Next comes the application of the oils of thyme and oregano. Hold the bottle approximately six inches above the skin and let five drops of each oil drop from the bottle evenly spaced along the spine frombottom to top (sacrum to atlas or 1stcervical). Try to stay in the electrical field as much as possible. Itdoes not matter which oil is applied first. Apply one oil and then layer it by gently spreading it evenly alongthe curvature of the spine. Apply the second oils the same way. You don’t need large drops, and more isnot better. Then apply 10 to 15 drops of the V-6 Mixing Oil to prevent any discomfort…

…Now apply the oils ofCypress, Birch, Basil and Peppermint in that order. Apply four to five drops of the first oil along the length of the spine. Layer it in by evenly spreading it with your fingertips. Then do the same with the other three. Starting on one side of the spine, gently massage the oils in along the spine. Do not work directly on the spine. Do not force it or apply direct pressure. Start at the sacrum and use the fingertips of both hands placed side-by-side, and in a circular clockwise motion, work up the side of the spine to the atlas, pushing or pulling the tissue in the direction you want the spine to move. This technique helps to create a “space” for the spine to move. After finishing one side of the spine, walk around to the other side of the individual and begin on the second side starting from the sacrum working up to the atlas. Repeat this two more times.

Step 5
Pay close attention because the back can become very hot!

The heat will generally build slowly in intensity to where it will peak in five to eight minutes and then cool down to where it feels pleasant. The water in the towel drives the oils deeper into the skin. The more out of balance, the more virus or bacteria activity in the body, or the more inflammation in the spine, the hotter the area will become along the spine. Some people will experience no heat, for some it will be mild and very pleasant, while for others it may be hot and a little uncomfortable. Pay attention to what the person is saying. Ask questions. If it gets too uncomfortable, remove the towels and apply V-6 Mixing Oil on the back and work it in. This will usually remove the heat in minutes.

After putting the towels on, wait a few minutes to see how the person is responding. If the back does not become very hot, have the person roll over so the back is against the towels on the table. This usually creates more heat.”

Step 6
“Take the four oils of Birch, Cypress, Basil and Peppermint, in that order, and apply two to three drops of each oil along the inside of the lower legs along the shin bone from the bottom of the knee area to the top of the big toes. Apply one at a time and layer each oil in before applying the next oil. Place fingers of one hand along the inside of the shin bone just below the knee, work down to the ankle, and then along the foot up to the top of the big toe using the Vita Flex Technique. Roll your fingers up and then over onto the nails of the fingers, applying slightly more pressure at the top of the roll and releasing as you come over onto the nails. Short nails would be appreciated by the person on whom you are working. Do this three times on each leg….”

Step 8
“Have the person on the table roll back so he or she is again face down. Rest the head in the head-cradle of the massage table again and make sure the person is lying straight. Remove the towels and then examine the spine. Corrections may or may not be visible. At this point you may add another therapy as desired. Sometimes the desired results do not come immediately, and yet the body will continue to respond for days, at which time you may begin to see gradual changes…

This is the basic Raindrop Therapy, although there are several variations. Everybody is different, and what works for one may not work for another. Different body types respond to the applications in ways not expected. Learn to be sensitive to the person to whom you are working so that you can respond to his or her needs.”

The question is often asked, “How long does this application last? Again, everybody responds differently. Generally speaking, the level of health and proper diet are key factors, as are exercise and mental attitude. One application may last months for one person, but then for another it may be necessary to have the application done every week until the body begins to respond. The key is to retrain the body. In some cases, you will have to develop a new memory in the tissue in order for the body to stay where it should be. This may take a few weeks or even a full year.” ^[4]

The Video Presentation Variation
In the video, in which Mr. Young describes the process, he uses the oils of Oregano 4 drops, and 5 drops of Thyme. He also states that if there are arthritic or compressed disks, then to use 6 drops birch, 3 drops lemongrass, 4-5 drops marjoram, 4-5 drops cypress and a couple of drops of Peppermint.

He further goes on to explain that certain essential oils are known to be caustic to the skin, such as the citrus, coneriferous and spice oils, such as clove, nutmeg. He states that these oils are OK to use neat as in drops on the spine, but for a larger area, like the whole back, to dilute them 15-30 drops to one ounce, and children and the elderly should be 15 drops to an ounce. ^[5]

Notes on Description of Oils Getting Hot

In both of his publications of RDT, Mr. Young describes the oils as “may be feeling hot on the skin”

While the sensation of heat and a burning is a symptom of irritation to the skin from using undiluted oils, the precautions he offers is in Essential Oils Desk Reference.

Caution: Special care must be taken with this step (referring to allowing the heat from a wet towel to penetrate usually about 8-10 minutes). The greater the inflammation and viral infection along the spine, “the hotter the area along the spine will become.“ ^[6]

Discussion

The practice of applying these essential oils undiluted to the skin is not consistent with “best practice” taught in standard curriculum for professional aromatherapy education recognized by NAHA. The use of the undiluted essential oils promoted within Raindrop Therapy, are not supported in safety manuals.

Safety Data References of Essential Oils Which are Used in RDT

Oregano Essential Oil

From:Plant Aromatics

Origanum Oil

Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Botanical Name: Thymus capitatus Hoffmgg.et Link, and other varieties. ^[7]

A 2% solution of Origanum oil caused no irritation or sensitization on humans. ^[8]

From: Essential Oil Safety

Oregano (Spanish) (P)

Thymus capitatus, and Origanum vulgare, a table on page 209 list it as moderately irritant as well as having mucous membrane irritant.

Toxicity data and recommendations: Undiluted oregano oil was severely irritating when applied to mouse skin, and moderately irritating when applied to rabbit skin. Tested at 2% it produced no reaction after a patch test on human subjects.

Therefore, Oregano should not be used neat as promoted in Raindrop Therapy as it can and is known to cause cutaneous irritation. As well, the dilution rate for overall use is 2%. Likewise it should not be used at all on hypersensitive, diseased or damaged skin, and children under 2 years of age. In the video, a ratio of 5% dilution for overall use was recommended (15-30 drops per ounce), and at 2.5% dilution rate for children or the elderly (15 drops to one ounce). ^[9]

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of Oregano Oil on humans.

Thyme Oil

From: Essential Oil Safety, referring to Thymus vulgaris L., and Thymus Zygis L.

Irritation/Sensitization-Red Thyme oil-nil at 8% however when applied to animal skin undiluted it proved severely irritating. ^[9]

External applications as a rubefacient and counter-irritant include dilution with olive or other oils. ^[10]

From: Plant Aromatics

Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

Genus: Thymus

Botanical Name: Thymus vulgaris Linn. T. serpyllum L. T. zygis L.T. mastichiria L. and dozens of other species with hundreds of varieties and cultivars, with tremendous chemical compositional variation. ^[11]

An 8% solution of Thyme oil (red unrectified) caused no irritation or sensitization on humans. ^[12]

T. vulgaris, other species and different genera, yield thymol, which can produce irritation of the skin. ^[13] Both Thyme oil and thymol have been recorded as being a cause of adverse dermal reactions including dermatitis, cheilitis and severe inflammation. ^[14]

Undiluted thyme oils were severely irritating to both mouse and rabbit skin: tested at 12% it produced no irritation on human subjects.

Again dermal cautions were noted for hypersensitive, diseased or damaged skin, and children under two years of age. ^[15]

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of Thyme Oil on humans.

Birch Oil

From: Plant Aromatics

Family: Betulaceae

Genus: Betula

Botanical Name: Betula lenta Linn. and other varieties. ^[16]

A 4% solution of Sweet Birch oil cased no irritation or sensitization on human. ^[17]

A 1% solution of Birch oil applied to the skin, can cause dermal eruptions. B.P.C. 1934

Birch extracts have caused adverse reactions in up to 50% of people with an allergy to Birch pollen. ^[18]

Methyl salicylate is freely absorbed by the skin and can lead to high blood levels of Salicylic acid. ^[19]

MANY OTHER REPORTS OF ADVERSE EFFECTS ARE RECORDED. Fetal abnormalities and reduce growth rates in rats. It can pass into breast mild and therefore should NEVER BE USED DURING PREGNANCY OR LACTATION. ^[20]

Although Birch oil (sweet) has shown no irritation or sensitization at 4%, it is NOT RECOMMENDED. ^[21]

Birch Tar Oil: There are many reports in the literature about birch tree extracts causing dermatitis.This extract should not be used unless you are very confident of what you are doing. [22]

From: Essential Oil Safety

Botanical Name: Betula lenta

Notable salicylate 98%

Methyl salicylate can be absorbed transdermally in sufficient quantities to cause poisoning in humans. Topically applied methyl salicylate can potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, causing side effects such as internal hemorrhage. A similar interaction is possible, but by no means certain, with other anticoagulants such as aspirin and heparin. Many liniments contain methyl salicylate or wintergreen oil.

Comments: There have been sufficient cased of poisoning by methyl salicylate or by oils containing it that it would be prudent to avoid use of this oil in aromatherapy. Virtually all “sweet birch oils” are in fact synthetic methyl salicylate.

Compare: Wintergreen ^[23]

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of Birch Oil on humans.

Wintergreen Oil

From: Plant Aromatics.

Family: Ericacea.

Botanical Name: Gaultheria procumbens Linn.

This oil does not appear to have undergone formal testing for adverse dermal effects by the usual International organizations. ^[24]

Cutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate (the major component of the oil) is rapid.

It has been detected in the urine half an hour after application to the skin. It can also cause dermal eruptions. (AUTHORS NOTE: There is very little genuine wintergreen oil available, as it has mainly been replaced with synthetic methyl salicylate. Due to this and the risks associated from the application of this chemical to the skin, this product should be reserved for local application only, ideally undertaken by someone who has been trained in the use of this hazardous substance.) ^[25]

Contraindications: should not be used in therapy, either internally or externally; do not use if taking anticoagulants

Comments: Virtually all commercial “wintergreen oil” is in fact synthetic methyl salicylate. There have been sufficient cases of poisoning by methyl salicylate or by oils contain it that it would be prudent to avoid all use of this oil. ^[26]

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of Wintergreen Oil on humans.

Peppermint Oil

From: Plant Aromatics

Family: Lamiaceae (Labietae)

Genus: Mentha with at least 25 species

Botanical Name: Menta x piperita (Peppermint).M arvensis (Corn mint, and numerous varieties and clones of both plants.)

Peppermint oil does not appear to have undergone formal testing procedures for dermal irritation and sensitization; therefore this oil should only be used on the skin at very low levels. ^[27]

“Isolated incidents due to accidental or inappropriate use of the products suggest caution in the handling and application of the oil or menthol, particularly the application of the neat oil to treat rheumatism.” ^[28]

Menthol is irritant in high concentration especially if evaporation from the skin is prevented. ^[29]

Mentha piperita var.Vulgaris

Safety data: tested at low dose non-toxic, NO FORMAL TESTING on skin effects. Use diluted: possible sensitization (menthol): keep away from nostrils of infants because of risk of spasm of glottis: avoid in pregnancy, Lactation. ^[30] It has been reported that some patients with particular enzyme deficits or specific conditions may be effected by certain essential oils. ^[31]

People with G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) enzyme-deficiency can develop a toxic build-up of menthol in the body. G-6-PD is the enzyme responsible for liver detoxification of menthol. ^[32]

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of Peppermint Oil on humans.

Basil Oil

(Although there are safer chemotypes of Basil oil available to use, Raindrop Therapy uses the estragole chemotypeaka: methyl chavicol) ^[33]

Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Chemical constituents: Methyl chavicol (70-75%)

Ocimum Basilicum: Bush Basil

Untested Oil; Avoid use on Sensitive or Damaged Skin

Safety Data, No Formal Testing-Avoid in Pregnancy, with babies, children: possible irritation: avoid sensitive skin, appears in low dose non-toxic (Methyl chavicol) is moderately toxic. Excess produces stupefying effect. ^[34]

A 4% solution of Basil Oil (O. basilicum, M. chavicolcirca 55%) caused no irritation or sensitization humans. Some people could react to the eugenol content of some Basil oils. ^[35]

Maximum recommended usage levels in percentage dilution: Basil M. chavicol 55%, 4% dilution

The chemotype Estragole, is reported as having 70-75% methyl chavicol. ^[36]

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of Basil Oil, chemotype estragole, on humans.

Lemongrass Oil

Botanical Name: Cymbopogen flexuosus

Botanical Family: Graminaceae

Common name: Lemongrass, East Indian Lemongrass

Class: aldehyde

Notable constituents: Citral 85%, Limonene 5%

Safety Data: Possible dermal irritation and sensitization: avoid in pregnancy, with babies and children. ^[37]

“Caution C. flexuosus should never be used neat on the skin because of its possible irritant properties, due mainly to the citral content because of its extensive root system. However, when diluted in a carrier, it is without hazard except on the most sensitive of skins. Treat with respect.” ^[38]

Cautions: (dermal) Hypersensitive, diseased or damaged skin, and children under two years of age.

Toxicity: Citral can cause a rise in ocular tension, which would be dangerous in cases of glaucoma. ^[39]

There are a few reports of skin irritation cased by hypersensitivity or prolonged exposure to the concentrated oil and sensitization may occur. ^[40] Vesicular dermatitis appeared in eight workers exposed to a cargo of Lemongrass oils and the NEAT oil is a skin irritant. ^[41] Recommended dilution is at 4-5%

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of Lemongrass oil on humans.

Cypress Oil

Botanical Name: Cupressus semperivens

Botanical family: Cupressaceae

Common name: Cypress

Safety Data: Tested at LOW doses non-toxic, non-irritant and non-sensitizing; avoid in pregnancy, high blood pressure, and with cancers, uterine and breast fibrosis. ^[42]

A 5% solution of Cypress oil cased no irritation or sensitization on humans. ^[43]

Raindrop Therapy promotes unsafe use of cypress oil on humans.

Marjoram Oil

Botanical Name: Origanum marjorana Linn. also Marjorana hortensis Moench.

Botanical family: Lamiaceae

A 6% solution of Sweet Marjoram oil caused no irritation or sensitization on humans. ^[44]

Tested at low dose non-toxic non-irritating, non-sensitizing. ^[45]

Raindrop therapy promotes the unsafe use of marjoram oil on humans

Tansy Oil

(“Blue Tansy” oil is listed as an ingredient in Raindrop Therapy’s “Valor” blend ^[46], and given the botanical name Tanacetum annuum, which, according to Sheppard-Hanger, is the botanical name for Morroccan Chamomile, also known as Blue Atlas, ^[47] not Blue Tansy. Because of the contradictory essential oil profile in G. Young’s book,Essential Oils Desk Reference, it is unclear which essential oil G. Young has included in the blend, “Valor.” For safety purposes, tansy oil will be outlined below.)

Botanical Name:Tanacetum vulgare

Common name: Tansy Oil

Botanical family: Compositae

Notable constituents: Thujones 66-81%, Camphor 5%

Contraindications: Should not be used in therapy, either internally or externally.

Toxicity data & recommendations: Toxic signs produced by tansy oil poisoning include: convulsions, irregular heartbeat, vomiting, rigid pupils, gastroenteritis, uterine bleeding, flushing, hepatitis, cramps, loss of consciousness and rapid breathing.

Comments: In light of its high thujone content, tansy oil should be avoided altogether in aromatherapy. ^[48]

Some Tansy oils contain very high levels of b-Thujone which orally is extremely toxic and which does seem to be absorbed through the skin. ^[40] On the other hand some tansy oils contain no or insignificant amount of this chemical so until such time as full analysis is declared on essential oils, it is wiser to avoid its use for application to the skin, or for room fragrances. ^[50]

No Formal Testing: Avoid in pregnancy with babies, children best to avoid as untested, substitution and doubtful production. ^[51]

Raindrop Therapy promotes the unsafe use of “Tansy” oil on humans.

Discussion Regarding the Unfounded Claims of Raindrop Therapy

Examination of the published literature on the rational for the use of Raindrop therapy, written or published by Gary Young rationalizing the use for Raindrop Therapy, has implies that the process has a curative effect on scoliosis:

Excerpts verbatim fromEssential Oils Desk Referenceby G. Young:

Raindrop Technique is a powerful, non-invasive tool for assisting the body in correcting defects in the curvature of the spine. During the years that is has been practiced, it has resolved numerous cases of scoliosis and kyphosis and eliminated the need for back surgery for thousands of people.
Raindrop Technique originated in the 1980’s from the research of D. Gary Young working with a Lakota medicine man named Wallace Black Elk. It integrates Vita Flex and massage, utilizing the power of essential oils in bringing the body into structural and electrical alignment.
Raindrop Technique is based on the theory that many types of scoliosis and spinal misalignments are caused by viruses or bacteria that lie dormant along the spine. These pathogens create inflammation, which, in turn, contorts and disfigures the spinal column.
Raindrop Technique uses a sequence of highly antimicrobial essential oils designed to simultaneously reduce inflammation and kill the responsible viral agents. ^[52]

Scoliosis (discussion on etiology of scoliosis from the writings of Young)

While a few cases of scoliosis can be attributed to congenital deformities (such as MS. Cerebral Palsy, Down’s Syndrome, or Marfan’s Syndrome), the vast majority of scoliosis types are of unknown origin.

Some medical professionals believe that many cases of scoliosis begin with hard-to-detect inflammation along the spine cased by latent viruses. Others believe that it may be due to persistent muscle spasms that have pulled the vertebrae off the spine out of alignment.

The Raindrop Techniqueis one of the most effective therapies for straightening spines misaligned due to scoliosis. ^[53]

Excerpts from: The Science and Application of Essential Oils, D. Gary Young, ND (Video), 1994

Statements on tape by G. Young:

“Raindrop Therapy is a technique that is beneficial for back problems, scoliosis, deteriorated disks and compressions.” ^[54]

The following section provides samples of information found on the World Wide Web describing Raindrop Therapy:

1. “The Raindrop Therapy combines the science of aromatherapy with the techniques of Vita Flex, reflexology, massage, etc, in the application of essential oils, which are applied on various areas of the body to bring structural and electrical alignment. Thyme has been scientifically proven to be anti-infections, antibacterial, and antiviral. There is some indication that scoliosis is the result of some viral and or bacterial activity that has taken place in the body at some point before the scoliosis began. These essential oils can easily penetrate the body and may help kill any virus or bacteria that may be present.” ^[55]

2.“The Raindrop Therapy combines the science of aromatherapy with the techniques of Vita Flex, reflexology, massage, etc, in the application of essential oils, which are applied on various areas of the body to bring structural and electrical alignment.” ^[56]

3.“Raindrop technique is a powerful, non-invasive tool for helping to correct defects in the curvature of the spine. It has resolved numerous cases of scoliosis and eliminated the needs for back surgery for thousands of people. Raindrop technique is based on the theory that many types of scoliosis and spinal misalignments are caused by virus or bacteria that are dormant along the spine. These pathogens create inflammation which in turn controls and disfigures the spinal column. Raindrop Technique uses a sequence of highly anti-microbial essential oils designed to simultaneously reduce inflammation and kill the viral agents responsible for it.” ^[57]

There are numerous other references like these on the World Wide Web and a simple search using the term “Raindrop Therapy” would yield many more. This information either implies or states, that the use of Raindrop Therapy, has either a corrective action on scoliosis or that it benefits person, with scoliosis, or that is somehow otherwise helps to bring the body into structural or electrical alignment.

Now let’s turn our attention to what qualified authorities on the topic of scoliosis, have to say about the etiology of scoliosis.

Literature Search on Scoliosis

Scoliosis: A rotary lateral curvature of the spine.

congenital s. Scoliosis resulting from malformation of the spine or chest.

idiopathic s. Scoliosis of unknown cause.

myopthic. S. Scoliosis due to weakness of the spinal muscles.

Neuromuscular S. Scoliosis caused by any of various diseases affecting the motor nerve cells.

Osteopathic s. Lateral curvature resulting from pathologic conditions of the vertebrae, such as tuberculosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and tumors

Static s. Scoliosis due to difference in the length of the legs. ^[58]

The focus of the search for whether one might give credibility to the rationale for the use of RDT lies in examining idiopathic scoliosis, as it is the only type, which is of “unknown cause”. An inquiry to the NSF (National Scoliosis Foundation, questioning Young’s theory of a “dormant viral or bacterial etiology” for idiopathic scoliosis prompted the following reply:

E-mail Response from National Scoliosis Foundation (Oct 22, 2001 on file):

“Thank you for writing the NSF. Unfortunately, I have not read anything about the statement. There are a few helpful websites that we can refer you to for information regarding scoliosis. The addresses are www.spineuniverse.com, www.orthospine.com, www.iscoliosis.com, www.aaos.org, www.scoliosis.org. These sites have much information as well as links to other sites.”

Note: a search of these sites yields no mention of the dormant virus theory. There is a consistency across these sites that idiopathic scoliosis shows strong evidence of being hereditary. The following are representative of findings.

From The Genetics of Scoliosis by John T. Smith, M.D.:

“Despite a tremendous amount of scientific research, the cause of some type of scoliosis remain largely unknown. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis may be a disease that is inherited as a genetic trait, much like some other diseases, such as sickle cell anemia. The gene that causes scoliosis remains undiscovered, but scientists are trying to find this gene using new techniques for analyzing genetic inheritance. Defining the role of genetic in scoliosis is currently the focus of intense research at a number of Academic centers throughout the world.

“There is strong evidence that an abnormal gene is partially responsible for some forms of scoliosis. It is possible that genetic factors may influence important aspects of scoliosis such as the pattern of curvature (left versus right curves), the shape of the curve, and the risk of progression. The tendency for scoliosis to appear in people who are closely related, such as mothers and their daughter, identical twins, and the first-degree relatives, suggest that scoliosis can be inherited….” ^[59]

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From National Institutes of Health:

“Researchers are looking for the cause of idiopathic scoliosis. They have studied genetic structural and biochemical alterations in the discs and muscles and central nervous changes. The changes in the discs and muscles seem to be a result of scoliosis and cause. Scientists are still hopeful that studying changes in the central nervous system with idiopathic scoliosis may reveal a cause of this disorder.” ^[60]

Treatment of Scoliosis

From Scoliosis Research Society: Bracing may be a consideration in children with spinal deformity and curve magnitudes of 25-40 degrees. The primary goal is to stop curve progression. Surgery for idiopathic scoliosis is suggested when curve magnitude is 50 degrees or more. Curves are measured in degrees and persons with curves measuring under thirty degrees entering adulthood are considered having a mild curve while those over 60 degrees are considered severe. ^[61]

What Does NOT Demonstrate Effectiveness:

Both of these sources, also state “ Numerous studies have failed to show any benefit from exercise, manipulation, meditation or drugs. ^[62]

There is no scientifically documented role for exercises, manipulation or electrical stimulation in the management of scoliosis. ^[63]

Some people have tried other ways to treat scoliosis, including manipulation by electrical stimulation, dietary supplements and corrective exercises. So far studies following treatments have not been show to prevent curve progression… ^[64]

How is Scoliosis Measured?

The standard measurements for scoliosis are done through X-ray evaluation, Curve measurement, and MRI.

Summary of Points

Idiopathic Scoliosisis of an unknown cause, but current thinking is that it may be hereditary and genetic in etiology.
Review of the leading organizations doing research on idiopathic scoliosis reveals no dormant viral or bacterial theories.
Research has demonstrated no significant impact of exercise, manipulation, diet supplements or electrical stimulation has any effect on stopping the progression of idiopathic scoliosis.
Objective evaluation of scoliosis is done with X-rays, degrees of measurement, and in some cases MRI.

Proof of Claims in Effectiveness of Raindrop Therapy on Scoliosis?

Thus far we have shown that there is no support of a viral/bacterial theory which is the underpinning of the use of RDT for claims of benefits to idiopathic scoliosis and alignment
Nor does manipulation of the spine benefit idiopathic scoliosis.

But let us suppose for a moment that we suspend our concerns about etiology and standard treatment of scoliosis. Raindrop Therapy does not have any published scientific proof of their claims. Although the proponents of RDT say that is has benefited “thousands of people”, there are no citations to published scientific studies of these claims within any of the RDT referenced literature or in our broad search of the practice. There is no reference to any published clinical research using known data measurements (i.e. X-rays, degrees of curvature, or MRI.).

Scope of Practice

It must also be noted that within any profession there is a scope of practice which is to be observed. These are governed by state laws. While persons may be practicing under a medical license, using essential oils, persons using and training Raindrop Therapy, require no licensure. As well, although they may be trained in massage, for example, this does not necessarily include training as an Aromatherapy Professional.

Raindrop Therapy requires “hands-on” application of essential oils, massage, and manipulation of the back. Each state has individual legal requirements and definition of a scope of practice, determining qualification to use hands- on techniques required with this RDT practice. The use of essential oils are often integrated within an existing therapeutic practice (e.g. nursing, massage therapy, esthetics, OT, PT, Chiropractic, Orthopedic, M.D.). Therefore, we urge the consumer to inquire as to credentials, and scope of practice.

Summary and Conclusion

Until such time as:

the scientific efficacy of Raindrop Therapy on the progression of idiopathic Scoliosis, (or any other type of scoliosis) can be shown,
and safe use of essential oils are observed,

Raindrop Therapy technique does not have the support as a “best practice” within a large segment of the professional community of aromatherapy practitioners. As a wise consumer, we hope you benefit from this critical viewpoint, and hope that it enhances your safe use of essential oil and practices.

1. Essential Oils Desk Reference, Second Edition. Compiled by Essential Science Publishing, 2001, 191–198.

2. Buckle, J. 1997:Clinical Aromatherapy in Nursing. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group, 79.

3. Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T. 1995:Essential Oil Safety. London: Churchill Livingstone, 78.

4. Essential Oils Desk Reference, Second Edition. Compiled by Essential Science Publishing, 2001, 191–198.

5. Young, Gary.The Science and Application of Essential Oils, Young Living Oils, (Video) 1994.

6. Young, G., Aromatherapy,The Essential Beginning(no longer in print). Essential Science Publishing, 1–7.

7. Witham: Watts, Sets 1–4 through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

8. Kligman, A.Report to the R.I.F.M., 1973, through Watt, M. 1994: Plant Aromatics.

9. Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T. 1995: Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals.London: Churchill Livingstone, 156–7.

10. Lis-Balchin, M. 1995:Aroma Science, The Chemistry and Bioactivity of Essential Oils,Amberwood Publishing.

11. Witham: Sets 1-4 through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

12. Kligman, A.Report to the R.I.F.M., 1973. through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

13. Greenberg L. and Lester D.Handbook of Cosmetic Material, New York, Interscience, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

14. Mitchell J. and Rook A. 1979: Botanical Dermatology (out of print), through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

15. Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T. 1995:Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London: Churchill Livingstone, 176.

16. Witham: Sets 1-4 through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

17. Epstein, W. 1974:Report to the R.I.F.M.,through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

18. Lahti, A. et al. 1980:Contact Dermatitis, (6) 464-5, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

19. Davison, C. 1961:J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapies, (132) 207-11, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

20. De. Smet, P. 1992:Adverse Effect of Herbal Drugs. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

21. Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics. Witham: Watts, Sets 1–4, chart 1, 20.

22. Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics,Sets 1–4, 30.

23. Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T. 1995:Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London: Churchill Livingstone, 173.

24. Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.Sets 1–4.

25. Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T. 1996:Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London: Churchill Livingstone, 179.

26. ibid.

27. Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics, 138.

28. Grieve, M. 1931:A Modern Herbal.Hammondsworth: Penguin, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

29. Harry, R. 1948:Cosmetic Materials. Vol. 2, London, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

30. Sheppard-Hanger, S. 1995:Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual. Tampa, FLA: Atlantic Institute of Aromatherapy, Chart 289.

31. Buckle, J. 1997:Clinical Aromatherapy in Nursing.San Diego, CA, 84.

32. Owole, S.A. and Ramson-Kuto, O. 1980: The risk of jaundice in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient babies exposed to menthol.Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia69, 341-345, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

33. Essential Oils Desk Reference, Second Edition. Compiled by Essential Science Publishing, 2001, 34.

34. Sheppard-Hanger, S. 1995:Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual. Tampa, FLA: Atlantic Institute of Aromatherapy, Chart 317.

35. Kligman, A. 1972: Report to the RIFM, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

36. Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.Sets 1–4, 56 and 77.

37. Sheppard-Hanger, S. 1995:Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual. Tampa, FLA: Atlantic Institute of Aromatherapy, Chart 197.

38. Price, S. 1993:Aromatherapy Workbook. London: Thorsons, 84.

39. Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T. 1996:Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London: Churchill Livingstone, 146.

40. Witham: through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics, 123.

41. Mendelsohn H. 1944:Arch. Derm. Syph.(50), 34, and same author and journal 1946, (53), 94, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

42. Sheppard-Hanger, S. 1995:Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual.Tampa, FLA: 191.

43. Witham through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics, 103.

44. Watt, M. 1996:Essential Oil Monographs. Tampa, FLA, Atlantic Institute of Aromatherapy.

45. Sheppard-Hanger, S. 1995:Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual. Tampa, FLA: Atlantic Institute of Aromatherapy, chart 327.

46. Essential Oils Desk Reference,2000. USA, Essential Science Publishing, 123.

47. Sheppard-Hanger, S. 1995:Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual. Tampa, FLA: Atlantic Institute of Aromatherapy, chart 145.

48. Tisserand, R. and Balacs, T. 1996:Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals.London: Churchill Livingstone, 172.

49. Witham: thorugh Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics:32.

50. Meyer, R. 1959:Arzneimittel-Forcsh,(9), 516, through Watt, M. 1994:Plant Aromatics.

51. Sheppard-Hanger, S. 1995:Aromatherapy Practitioner Reference Manual.Tampa, FLA. Atlantic Institute of Aromatherapy, chart 403.

52. Essential Oils Desk Reference,2001, USA, Essential Science Publishing, 191.

53. Ibid, 347.

54. www.worlddirect.net.aro9.html

55. www.hypnosis-reiki.com/treatments.html

56. Dox, I., MD, Melloni, J. PhD, et al,The Harper Collins Illustrated Medical Dictionary,429-430.

57. www.iscoliosis.com/completegenetics.php3

58. www.niams.nih.gov/Health_Info/Scoliosis/default.asp>

59. www.scoliosisx.com

60. ibid

61. www.srs.org/htm/library/review/review06.htm

62. National Institutes of Health, Dept. of Health and Human Services, www.niams.nih.gov

63. www.srs.org/htm/library/review/review06.htm

64. National Institutes of Health, Dept. of Health and Human Services, www.niams.nih.gov

Essential Oil Safety

Contraindications

Under certain conditions, even the most beneficial essential oils can prove harmful. Concentrated oils are very strong, and just because a product is ‘natural’, that does not mean it’s harmless. Inappropriate use can sometimes lead to adverse or damaging side effects. This is a partial list of medical concerns that warrant avoiding some oils. If you are aware of other contraindications that we’ve omitted, please email us.

Partial List of Conditions that Warrant Avoiding Some Oils

Pregnancy: Essential oil use during pregnancy is a subject about which there is much discussion and disagreement. Some professionals believe that most or all essential oil use should be avoided in the first trimester of pregnancy (the most critical period of fetal development). However, many pregnant women suffering from morning sickness or nausea during the first trimester do not wish to use pharmaceuticals. Often, they can be helped by simply inhaling ginger CO2 or a citrus oil with no known risk to the fetus. Any pregnant woman who wishes to use essential oils during pregnancy, though, should first check with her obstetrician to ensure there are no medical contraindications to doing so.

For pregnancy in general, we suggest avoiding Basil, Cedarwood, Clary Sage, Coriander, Hyssop, Jasmine, Juniper Berry, Sweet Marjoram, Oregano, Myrrh, Peppermint (which in many cases should also be avoided while breastfeeding), Rockrose, Rosemary, Sage, and Thyme.

If you suffer from a seizure disorder: avoid Basil, Fennel, Hyssop, Rosemary, and Sage.

If you have diabetes/hypoglycemia (low blood sugar): some sources say to avoid Geranium.

If you have high blood pressure, it is suggested to avoid Pine, Rosemary, Sage, and Thyme.

Kidney/renal problems: should cautiously approach the use of Juniper Berry, Sandalwood, and Coriander.

Blood thinner/anticoagulant use: (including Aspirin, Coumadin, Eliquis, Brillinta, Xarelto, Lovenox, Heparin, etc.) If you are on anti-coagulant therapy (blood thinners), you should avoid oils high in eugenol, including Clove Bud, Cinnamon Leaf, Cinnamon Bark, Wintergreen, and Bay Laurel (Pimenta racemosa). Two oils with almost identical components that are considered dangerous to use are Birch (Betula lenta) and Wintergreen. They have their own page with warnings about them.

Some of the above cautions listed apply only to ingested oils (that is, oils taken internally-more on that later), but a few cautions apply to all routes of administration (inhaling, skin application, and internal use). Other aromatherapy professionals say that such cautions are completely unfounded, having no clinical evidence to support the claims. In short, there are no “one-size-fits-all” guidelines. This is why we suggest consulting with a trained aromatherapist who can help make suggestions according to *your* personal situation.

Photosensitivity

Photosensitivity refers to dermal (skin) application of certain essential oils with the areas of skin then exposed to the sun’s rays within 12 hours of application. This can result in reddening, dark pigmentation, or skin blistering. Strongly photosensitizing oils include Bergamot (furanocoumarin-free/FCF bergamot is not phototoxic), expressed/cold pressed Lime, and Rue. Cumin, Mandarine, Lemon, Tangerine, Sweet and Blood Orange and Verbena are considered moderately sensitizing. Angelica Root, Caraway, Cassia, Cinnamon Bark, Grapefruit, Honeysuckle Absolute, Laurel Leaf Absolute, and Patchouli are mildly sensitizing, and Virginia Cedarwood, Dill Weed, and Petitgrain are considered very mild on the photosensitizing scale.

Any cold-pressed citrus oil can be considered a potential photosensitizer. Steam-distilled citrus oils, on the other hand, do not carry this risk. St. John’s Wort CO2 and its infused oil can also be photosensitizers.

Substance Use and Essential Oils

Clary sage essential oil should not be used when consuming alcohol, because it may increase alcohol’s sedative effects. Sweet Marjoram and the Chamomiles can also cause drowsiness. In general, if you use or plan to use pharmaceuticals with sedative effects like opioid medication, or other mind-altering substances known to cause drowsiness, you should consider avoiding use of these essential oils.

Sensitizing Oils (oils which can cause permanent adverse reactions)

Sometimes, sensitization can be caused by overuse of essential oils. Some aromatherapists in the past, for instance, poured their oils without using safety equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and lab coats, and a well-ventilated area. After a while, they found that whenever a particular oil (say lavender) was being poured, they coughed, sneezed, suffered difficulty breathing, broke out in skin rashes, or suffered other uncomfortable symptoms. In other words, they had become sensitized to that oil. For a more complete description of sensitization, click here.

The following essential oils have either a proven or suspected history of causing sensitization (allergies): Aniseed, Bay, Benzoin, Balsam of Peru (VERY HAZARDOUS), Calamus, Cardamom (suspect), Cassia, Cinnamon Bark and Leaf, Citronella, Clary Sage (suspect), Costus, Dill Seed (not dill weed), Fennel (Bitter, not sweet), Fig Leaf Absolute, Galbanum Resin (cross-sensitizing with Peru Balsam), Hyacinth Absolute (suspect), Jasmine Absolute, Juniper (suspect), Laurel (Bay Laurel), Lemon (suspect), Litsea Cubeba (suspect), Lovage (suspect), Mimosa Absolute, Oakmoss Concrete (suspect), Orange (suspect), Pines (suspect), Rose Absolute (if used in high concentrations), Spearmint, Tolu balsam (VERY STRONG), Tagetes, Turpentine, Lemon Verbena (the IFRA strongly advises against the use of Verbena oil in cosmetics or perfume products), and Ylang ylang (in very high concentrations). Source: Tisserand and Young’s Essential Oil Safety, 2nd edition.

NOTE: Some oils should not be used except by clinically trained aromatherapists. Among them are Birch, Dalmatian Sage, Thuja, and Wintergreen.

To read more about possible negative reactions to aromatic chemicals, click here. To read if Benzoin is a Safe Preservative, click here.

Carcinogenic Oils

Essential oils which contain known carcinogenic components are Calamus (European and Asian) and Sassafras. (Please note: Sassafras essential oil is banned for use in cosmetics and toiletries in all of Europe. We do not offer it at Nature’s Gift.)

Potentially Dangerous Effects

Some essential oils have such potentially dangerous effects that it makes them too risky to experiment with. The oils on our personal “to be avoided at all costs” list are: Bitter Almond, Calamus (grown in Europe or Asia, the Canadian/USA grown is safer), Yellow Camphor, Horseradish, Mugwort, Mustard, Rue, Sassafras, Southernwood, Tansy (other than Annual/Blue Tansy), and Wormwood.

Unsafe Methods of Use

A method of using essential oils (promoted by certain multilevel marketing (MLM) corporations that flies in the face of all established safety guidelines is called Raindrop Therapy. For a white paper that discusses the risks, click here.

In professional aromatherapy practice, there are rarely any “no, never” cautions. However, one area where we never, ever recommend essential oil use is in the eye. The risk of damage to these delicate organs is too great and therefore we do not advocate use of essential oils in the eyes. For more information, click here.

Can Essential Oils Be Used Internally?

We do not make claims that essential oils can be used internally. In fact, our labels clearly state “not for internal use”. Why? At least two large multi-level marketing (MLM) essential oil companies have carelessly recommended gross overuse of these powerful substances. Some people think nothing of adding multiple drops of essential oil to a glass of cold water or cup of hot tea. In their minds, it’s the same as drinking an herbal tea or flavored water. In actuality, they’re drinking the equivalent of quarts of tea/flavored water in that one cup of water.

Also, essential oils and water do not mix, no matter how much you shake a bottle with water and essential oil in it. Undiluted molecules of powerful essential oil will come in contact with the delicate mucus membranes of the mouth and the lining of the esophagus and stomach.

In rare cases, essential oils may be used internally. Some of us with specialized training in aromatic medicine have used our oils internally, upon rare occasion, and with great respect for their power. The ancient Greek term “pharmacopea” has two meanings…“medicine” and “poison”…because anything powerful enough to heal is also powerful enough to do damage. Internal use of essential oils should be overseen by a practitioner trained and skilled in the modality.

In all but the most complicated cases, internal use is NOT the most advantageous way to reap the benefits of essential oils. Inhalation and properly diluted skin application are perfect for the vast majority of concerns.

Occasionally, we will cook with a drop or two of essential oil which is well-diluted in fat contained within the recipe. A jar of honey with a drop or two of ginger oil in it to add to tea for health reasons is an acceptable practice…two drops of ginger essential oil in an 8 ounce jar of honey is plenty enough for good results. This rare and “respectful” use of essential oils goes against the willy-nilly, “all the oils all of the time” use recommended in many aromatherapy groups on the Internet.